![]() Failure of the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle).Left-sided heart valve disease such as mitral valve or aortic valve disease.Group 2: Pulmonary hypertension caused by left-sided heart disease Other conditions such as HIV infection, chronic liver disease (cirrhosis) and connective tissue disorders (scleroderma, lupus, others).Heart problems present at birth (congenital heart disease).Use of certain drugs or illegal substances.Changes in a gene passed down through families (heritable pulmonary arterial hypertension).Unknown cause (idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension).Group 1: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) Pulmonary hypertension is classified into five groups, depending on the cause. These changes may slow down or block blood flow through the lungs, causing pulmonary hypertension. However, changes in the cells that line the pulmonary arteries can cause the walls of the arteries to become stiff, swollen and thick. The blood typically flows easily through blood vessels in the lungs (pulmonary arteries, capillaries and veins) to the left side of the heart. In the lungs, the blood releases carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. Each time blood passes through the heart, the lower right chamber (right ventricle) pumps blood to the lungs through a large blood vessel (pulmonary artery). The typical heart has two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles). The heart valves, which keep blood flowing in the right direction, are gates at the chamber openings. The lower chambers, the more muscular right and left ventricles, pump blood out of the heart. The upper chambers, the right and left atria, receive incoming blood. A typical heart has two upper and two lower chambers.
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